ABSTRACT
Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH. Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-α with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH. RXR-α was expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes. Mechanistically, bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-α and PPAR-γ, as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the M1 into the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, all the beneficial effects of RXR-α in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. In conclusion, the pharmacological activation of RXR-α confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ-related mechanisms. Our data support the notion that RXR-α might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anilides/pharmacology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Hematoma/drug therapy , Macrophages , Microglia , Neuroprotection , PPAR gamma , Retinoid X Receptor alphaABSTRACT
Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH. Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-α with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH. RXR-α was expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes. Mechanistically, bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-α and PPAR-γ, as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the M1 into the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, all the beneficial effects of RXR-α in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. In conclusion, the pharmacological activation of RXR-α confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ-related mechanisms. Our data support the notion that RXR-α might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:In the past 20 years, cholecystokinin in clinical application and nerve repair has been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of cholecystokinin in nerve repair and its possible mechanism of action. METHODS:Relevant research results were retrospectively analyzed at the celland organ levels through retrieving recent literatures concerning the biological characteristics of cholecystokinin and its biological role in the nervous system. Then, we summarized the effect of cholecystokinin after nerve injury and its possible RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Cholecystokinin and its receptors are widely distributed in the body, and under physiological and pathological conditions, their roles were complex and diverse. However, studies addressing the neuroprotective effect of cholecystokinin are not sufficient, most of which are limited to phenomenon observation. Neuroprotective mechanism of cholecystokinin is stil worthy of further studies, which can provide the basis for the clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the imaging findings of hip involvement and to compare the sensitivity of radiography,CT,and MRI in the identification of hip involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS).MethodsAnteroposterior radiography of the pelvis and MRI of hip were performed in 55 patients with AS.CT scan of hip was performed in 29 of 55 patients.T1-weighted,T2-weighted,short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and three dimensional balanced turbo field echo with water selective excitation (3D-BTFE-WATS) coronal sequences of hips were obtained in all patients,of which fat-saturated contrastenhanced T1-weighted sequence was performed in 24 patients.The imaging data of 55 patients were analyzed.The chi-square test was used to analyze the sensitivity in the identification of hip involvement among radiography,CT,and MRI.ResultsAmong 110 hips in all 55 patients,abnormal changes were detected in 13 hips by radiography,85 hips by MRI.The findings of radiography included bone erosions in 13 hips,joint space narrowing in 4 hips,syndesmophytes in 5 hips.MRI revealed bone erosive destruction in 31 hips,joint space narrowing in 4 hips,joint effusion in 80 hips,subchondral bone marrow edema in 32 hips,fat accumulation of bone marrow in 28 hips,enthesitis in 21 hips.Bilateral synovial enhancement was showed in 19 of 24 patients who underwent fat-saturated contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequence.Of the 58 hip joints in 29 patients who underwent CT examination,not only did CT show all bone erosions detected by radiography and MRI,but CT revealed bone erosive destruction that were not identified by radiography in 10 hips and by MRI in 1 hip as well.Abnormal changes were detected in 10.3％ (6/58)by radiography,27.6％ (16/58) by CT,and 77.6％ (45/58) by MRI.The sensitivity of MRI in the identification of hip involvement is higher than that of radiography and CT ( x2 =53.22 and 29.08,P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition to chronic bone structural changes,MRI depicted acute inflammatory changes which could not be detected by radiography and CT.ConclusionsMRI can detect early acute inflammatory changes of hip joint that can not be showed by radiography and CT.Effusion of joint and synovial enhancement caused by synovitis are the most common MRI findings of the hip in patients with AS.
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Objective To explore the clinical application and value of percutaneous treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts guided by CT.Methods The percutaneous external draining of pancreatic pseudocyst caused by various causes was performed under CT guidance in 29 cases, including 21 males and 8 females, age from 22 to 71 years, average (48.2?13.6) years. After the point, the angle,and the depth of puncture were measured on CT images, pseudocyst puncture and catheterization of external draining were made and followed up. Results 30 procedures of puncture in 29 lesions were done, the successful rate was 100%. Puncture path included frontal in 17 cases(18 times of puncture), lateral in 8 cases ; back in 4 cases, and 30 drainage catheters were placed. All cases were followed up except one case, follow up time ranged from 1 to 20 months [average (8 07?4 04) months]. Following disappearance of pseudocyst, catheters were extracted in 19 cases except 2 cases with pseudocyst recurrance. Follow up time from 4 to 14 months[average (8.29?4.03) months]. 5 cases had surgerical operations again after draining 1-4 months, 4 cases were still being followed up. The effective rate of therapy was 65.52%(19/29). Conclusion The technique of percutaneous catheter external draining of pancreatic pseudocyst guided by CT is mildly invasive and simple, and has high successful rate.
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Objective To analyze CT findings of blunt laryngeal trauma (BLT) and evaluate the value of CT in the diagnosis of BLT. Methods CT diagnosis and treatment of 16 patients with BLT were reviewed. Results Soft tissue injuries were detected in five cases including swelling of the aryepiglottic folds, the false or true vocal cords and airway narrowing in four, and left cricoarytenoid dislocation and card paralysis in one. Supraglottic injuries in two cases including c fractures of the epiglottis in 2 and associated with a laceration of the aryepiglottic folds and the hypopharynx. Glottic injuries in four cases including ventricle fracture of the right thyroid ala in one and midline ventricle or comminute fractures of the thyroid cartilage in three, a square segment of cartilage was depressed into the larynx, and the true vocal cords and the anterior commissure were disrupted in one of this series. Subglottic injuries in five cases including cricoid ring fracture on the opposite side following a lateral force in one, with the fragment depressed into the larynx. Two showed marked comminution of the cricoid ring. Midline vertical fracture of the posterior cricoid plate associated with the laceration of the first tracheal ring in one, and one presented marked disruption of the right cricothyiod joint. Conclusion CT clearly shows the extent of cartilaginous injury and displacement, related soft tissue changes and the degree of resulting airway encroachment, and it may be successfully used to determine the need for open exploration and repair in selected cases of blunt trauma to the larynx.